GLOSSARY

ADFLUVIAL life history in which juvenile fish are born in streams, migrate to lakes to feed and grow, and then migrate back to natal streams as adults to spawn

ADIPOSE FIN a small, fleshy fin on the back of salmonids near the tail that is sometimes clipped off salmon and steelhead to allow easy differentiation from wild fish for management purposes

ALEVIN A newly hatched salmonid that is still carrying the yolk sac Amphipods a group of crustaceans without a carapace, or exoskeleton Anadromous fish that are hatched in fresh water, migrate to and mature in salt water, and return to fresh water to spawn

ANTHROPOGENIC human-induced or exacerbated, as in climate change Barrier a manmade structure such as a dam or culvert which prevents fish passage in a stream

BENTHIC occurring at the bottom of a body of water, such as a river or lake

BROODSTOCK a group of sexually mature individuals of a cultured species that is kept separate for breeding purposes, such as to support hatchery operations

CALIFORNIA CURRENT a Pacific Ocean current that moves south along the western coast of North America, beginning off southern British Columbia, and ending off southern Baja California

CENTRAL VALLEY a large, flat valley that dominates the central portion of California; the northern half is referred to the Sacramento Valley and its southern half as the San Joaquin Valley

CLIMATE CHANGE refers to the human-induced increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s near-surface air and oceans and changes in its precipitation and wind patterns

COBBLE naturally rounded rock fragments between 2 1/2 inches and 10 inches in diameter

CODED WIRE TAG a small magnetized wire injected into the snout of juvenile fish to track their migrations to support research and management

CONJUNCTIVE USE the practice of storing water on the surface of the Earth in groundwater basins in wet years, and then withdrawing it for use during dry years

COPEPOD a group of small crustaceans that inhabit most fresh water habitats and oceans

CRITICAL HABITAT a specific geographic area, whether occupied by a special-status species or not, that is determined to be essential for the conservation and management of special status species

CRUSTACEANS animals, including crabs, shrimp and crayfish that have a hard shell instead of a skeleton and that usually live in water

CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND  WILDLIFE (CDFW) the California state agency tasked with managing California’s diverse fish, wildlife, and plant resources, and the habitats upon which they depend, for their ecological values and for their use and enjoyment by the public

DISSOLVED OXYGEN oxygen freely available in water and necessary for the lives of fish and other aquatic organisms

DISTINCT POPULATION SEGMENT (DPS) a term with specific meaning under the Endangered Species Act when used for listing, delisting, and reclassification purposes to describe a population that may be added or deleted from the list of threatened and endangered species; applied here to steelhead

DRAINAGE a group of interconnected streams whose main channel enters an ocean, estuary, or the main- stem of a basin

ECOSYSTEM a recognizable unit on the landscape that includes organisms, their environment, and all the interactions among them

EFFECTIVE POPULATION SIZE the average number of individuals in a population that contribute genes to the succeeding generations

ENDANGERED SPECIES under the Endangered Species Act, any species that is likely to become extinct within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range

ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT (ESA) the federal Endangered Species Act that was enacted by Congress in 1973 in response to an alarming decline of many animal and plant species. The ultimate goal of the Act is to return threatened and endangered species to the point where they no longer need the law’s protections

ENDEMIC SPECIES a species native and confined to a certain region; usually with a comparatively restricted distribution

ESTUARY/ESTUARINE the area or habitat where fresh and salt water mix at the mouth of a river, used as rearing and feeding habitat by many fish species and other animals

ENTRAINMENT the incidental trapping of fish and other aquatic organisms in water diverted from streams, rivers and reservoirs; the process of drawing fish into diversions, along with water, resulting in the loss of such fish

ESCAPEMENT those fish that survive natural mortality and harvest, and make up a spawning population

EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANT UNIT (ESU) a term used by the National Marine Fisheries Service to denote a population or group of populations of salmon that is substantially reproductively isolated from other populations and contributes to the evolution of the species

EXTANT still in existence or surviving

EXTIRPATED a species that has been eliminated from a particular area, but still exists elsewhere; locally extinct

EXTINCT a species that no longer exists in any habitat on Earth

EXPERT JUDGMENT based on the professional opinions of experts; used here as biologists best guesses

FAUNA all of the animal life of any particular region or time

FISHERY specific species of fish, area of water or seabed, fishing method, class of boats, people involved in catching or processing fish, or a combination of these

FLOODPLAIN the low area along a stream or river channel into which water spreads during floods; can be valuable feeding habitat for salmonids and provide refuge from high flows

FLUVIAL a life history in which fish are born in rivers or streams and spend their entire lives there

FORBEARANCE refraining from exercising a legal water right; used to keep water in streams on a temporary basis without permanently giving up the right to that water

FRY a stage of development in young salmon or trout; during this stage the fish is usually less thanone year old, has absorbed its yolk sac, is rearing in the stream, and is between the alevin and parr stageof development

GENETIC DIVERSITY the total number of genetic characteristics in the makeup of a species that allow populations to adapt to changing environmental conditions

GENETIC RISK the probability of an action or inaction having a negative impact on the genetic character of a population or species

GILL covers the outer covering of the gill chamber which opens and closes to allow water to pass over the gills for respiration

GRAY LITERATURE refers to material that is not formally published, such as institutional or technical reports, working papers, business documents, and conference materials

GRILSE a salmon that has spent only one winter at sea before returning to fresh water to spawn

HABITAT the physical, chemical, and biological features of an area that supplies food, water, shelter and space necessary for a particular species’ existence

HALF-POUNDER an immature steelhead that spends only a few months at sea, enters fresh water in spring, feeds until the following winter, then migrates to sea again before returning to spawn

HEADWATERS the source or upper part of a lake, river, or stream

HOMOGENOUS all alike, as in a loss of genetic diversity leads to homogenized populations

HYBRIDIZE/HYBRIDIZATION to breed plants or animals of different varieties or species in order to create offspring having characteristics of each; here used to highlight breeding of related but distinct species

HYDROLOGY the movement of water across the landscape, including the water cycle

INTROGRESSION the spread of genes from one population or species into another as a result of hybridization

INVERTEBRATE an animal without a backbone, many of which serves as prey for salmonids

ITEROPAROUS reproducing more than once in a lifetime Juvenile fish from one year of age until sexual maturity

KELT a salmonid that has spawned but not yet returned to sea Kype the distinctive hooked jaw that male salmonids develop during spawning

LACUSTRINE a life history where fish spend their entire lives in lakes

LIFE HISTORY a series of changes an organism undergoes during its lifetime, or the timing of key events in an organisms’ lifetime, such as sexual maturation and behavior

NATAL STREAM stream of birth, where a fish hatches

NATIVE SPECIES an indigenous stock of fish that has not been substantially affected by genetic interactions with non-native stocks or by other factors and is still present in all or part of its original range

NET PEN a mesh enclosure used to confine juvenile salmon and allow them to acclimate to brackish or salt water before release

NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE (NMFS) a federal agency and division of the Department of Commerce, responsible for the stewardship of the nation’s living marine resources and their habitat

PARR the stage in sea-going trout and salmon prior to the smolt stage and migration to salt water

PARR MARKS distinctive vertical, dark oval markings on the sides of young salmon or trout

PEER REVIEWED LITERATURE scientific writing or research that has undergone evaluation by other experts in the field to judge if it merits publication or funding

PIKEMINNOW (Ptychocheilus spp.) a torpedo-shaped fish with an olive-green and gold back, white belly, and black stripe on its side; a major natural predator on juvenile salmonids in California

PISCICIDE a chemical substance which is poisonous to fishes

POOL a relatively deep, still section in a stream

REACH a section of stream defined in a variety of ways such as the section between tributaries or a section with consistent characteristics

REAR to bring to maturity

REDD a circular or oval-shaped depression excavated by adult female salmonids with their tails where eggs are laid

REINTRODUCTION putting a species back into a former habitat Resident describes species of fish which spend their entire lives in fresh water

RESILIENCE the ability of ecosystem or species to withstand ecological disturbance while maintaining its normal patterns of operation and function

RESTORATION/CONSERVATION  HATCHERY a hatchery designed to produce fish for restoration purposes rather than for recreational purposes

RICHNESS the number of different species represented in an ecosystem

RIPARIAN HABITAT the terrestrial habitat adjacent to streams, lakes, estuaries or other waterways

RIVERINE situated on or in a river or its banks

ROTENONE a plant-based, odorless, colorless, piscicide commonly used for removing fish from a stream

RUN the time at which a fish swims back up the rivers in which they were born to spawn

SALMONID any member of the taxonomic family Salmonidae, which includes all species of salmon, trout, char, whitefish and grayling

SEDIMENTATION fragmentary material that originates from the weathering of rocks or the additions of materials from manmade activities into a river

SMOLT the third stage in the development of a trout, salmon or char, when the small, silvery fish have undergone physical changes to allow them to begin their migration from fresh water to the sea

SPAWN the release and fertilization of eggs

SPAWNING RUN the migration of fish to the place where they mate and lay their eggs

STEELHEAD a form of Rainbow trout that migrates from the stream in which it was born to the sea and back to its home stream to spawn

STRAYING the behavior of fish to migrate or return to non-natal streams for various purposes such as feeding, exploration, or spawning

STRONGHOLD a place that provides sufficient habitat quantity and quality to serve as a refuge for a species

TAXONOMIC (singular: taxon, plural: taxa) a taxonomic category such as family, genus, species that refers to a distinct natural group

TERRESTRIAL from the Earth, as in land-based invertebrates that fall into streams and become prey for trout

THREADFIN SHAD (Dorosoma petenense) a non-native fish species common in large rivers and reservoirs

THREATENED any species which are vulnerable to extinction in the near future, as defined by the federal Endangered Species Act

TRAP-AND-HAUL the capture and transport of juvenile or adult fish around barriers, such as dams; two-way trap and haul involves trucking adult salmonids around dams to spawn, and juveniles are then captured as they migrate downstream and released downstream of dams and diversions

TRIBUTARY a stream that feeds into a larger stream; also called a feeder stream

TRANSLOCATION the intentional capture, movement, and release of a species for a specific purpose, such as to expand its range or establish a refuge population

TROPHY fish a prized, large-sized fish pursued for sport

TRUCKING use of specialized, insulated tanker trucks to transport fish

TUI CHUB (Gila bicolor) a minnow that is an important food source for Lahontan Cutthroat trout

WATERSHED the area of land that water flows across or under on its way to a river, lake or ocean; includes all surface waters and adjacent estuaries and marine areas

ZOOPLANKTON microscopic animals in water which form the important beginnings of food webs for larger animals